GEOGRAPHY
NECTA FORM FOUR 2013
(For School Candidates Only)
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions
1.This paper consists of sections A, B, C and D.
2.Answer all questions in sections A, B and C and one (1) question from each part of section D.
3.Map extract of Kigoma (Series Y742 sheet 92/3) is provided.
4.Credit will be given for the use of relevant sketch maps and diagrams.
5.Calculators and cellular phones are not allowed in the examination room.
6.Write your Examination Number on every page of your answer booklet(s)
SECTION A (25 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY
1.For each of the items (i) - (x), choose the correct answer from among the given alternatives and write its letter beside the item number.
(i) A cirque is
A. an arm-chair shaped depression on a glaciated lowland area
B. an arm-chair shaped depression on the sides of a glaciated mountain
C. an arm-chair shaped depression in the desert areas
D. an arm-chair shaped valley in glaciated areas
E. an arm-chair shaped depression on the plateau.
(ii) A geyser can be described as
A. a hot spring
B. an explosion of volcanic vapour
C. a fountain of superheated water and steam
D. a thermal stream
E. a pool of hot water.
(iii) Which one of the following conditions is important for the growth of coral reefs?
A. Warm and muddy river water
B. Warm and muddy sea water
C. Warm and clear sea water
D. Warm and clear tape water
E. Warm and clear river water.
(iv) A time accepted throughout a time zone of 15° longitude is known as
A. local time
B. noon time
C. Greenwich mean time
D. sun time
E. Standard time.
(v) Which sequence of the following processes is necessary for the formation of rainfall?
A. Condensation, cooling and evaporation
B. Evaporation, cooling and condensation
C. Evaporation, sedimentation and cooling
D. Evaporation, condensation and cooling
E. Evaporation, cooling and sedimentation.
(vi) Which of the following instruments is used to measure pressure?
A. Wet and dry bulb thermometer
B. Aneroid barometer
C. Anemometer
D. Rain gauge
E. Hygrometer.
(vii) Faulting may lead to the formation of
A. rift valleys
B. moraines
C. ox-bow lakes
D. boulder clays
E. yardangs.
(viii)Which of the following statements is true to an equatorial region?
A. It has a small annual range of temperature
B. It has four rainfall maxima
C. It experiences temperatures below 20°C
D. It has a high annual range of temperature
E. It is found between 15° and 30° north and south of the equator.
(ix) The earth’s crust is also known as
A. Atmosphere
B. Hydrosphere
C. mantle
D. lithosphere
E. troposphere.
(x) What is the compass bearing of WNW?
A. 270°
B. 337°
C. 315°
D. 327°
E. 292°
2. Match the items in List A with the responses in List B by writing the letter of the correct response beside the item number.
List A
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List B
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(i) A tidal wave formed as a result of an Earthquake or volcanic eruption.
(ii) Denser rocks that form the ocean floor.
(iii) A force that causes the bending of the earth’s crust.
(iv) Intrusive volcanic feature formed Horizontally along the bedding plane.
(v)Formed when two caves on opposite sides of headland join up.
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A. Compression
B. Dyke
C. Sial
D. Ocean currents
E. Faulting
F. Arch
G. Sima
H. Tsunami
I. Stack
J. Sill
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3. With the aid of diagram, explain any five features formed by wave deposition.
SECTION B (27 Marks)
Answer all questions this section.
APPLICATION OF STATISTICS, INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH AND
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
4.(a) Explain the meaning of the standard deviation.
(b)Study the following data showing the age of the Primary School pupils at Tumaini Primary School and answer the questions that follow: 15, 8, 7, 6, 12, 5, 14 and 13.
(i)Determine the range and median of the age of the pupils.
(ii)Calculate the standard deviation.
5.(a)What is research?
(b)Explain four benefits of conducting research.
6.(a)Explain the best steps required in order to conduct an accurate chain survey.
(b)What are the five good booking methods used in chain survey?
SECTION C (28 Marks)
Answer all questions in this section.
MAP READING AND PHOTOGRAPH INTERPRETATION
7. Study the printed map extract of Kigoma (Series Y742 sheet 92/3), then answer the followingquestions:
(a)By using the vertical scale of 1cm to 20m, draw a cross section from grid reference 91057 to grid reference 932620 and determine its Vertical Exaggeration (V.E).
(b)With vivid evidence from the map, mention the major types of transport shown in the area.
(c)Apart from fishing activities, use concrete evidence to name other economic activities taking place in the area.
(d)In which hemisphere is the mapped area located? Give evidence for your answer.
8.Study the photograph given below and then answer the questions that follow:
(a)Identify the type of photograph. Give concrete evidence
(b)By providing evidence from the photograph, describe the relief of the area.
(c)Explain three possible factors which have contributed to the growth of this town.
(d)Apart from providing shade, explain any other three advantages of the vegetation shown
on the photograph.
SECTION D (20 Marks)
Answer one (1) question from each part.
PART 1: REGIONAL FOCAL STUDIES
9.Explain six factors which account for the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.
10.Describe six problems facing railway transportation in East Africa.
PART II: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT
11.Elaborate six importance of Mount Kilimanjaro to Tanzania.
12.Examine six effects of environmental pollution in African cities.
ANSWER GEOGRAPHY NECTA 2013
3. The following are features formed by wave deposition
(i) Beach,
This is accumulation of sand, shingles and pebbles at the coast. It is caused by deposition process of the wave when the swash is stronger than backwash.
(ii) Berm
A bench or ridge wit a steep front,found on the upper part of some beaches.Berms are most common on beaches with a steep profile, that is especially singles and sandy beaches along swell coast. Berm formation is influenced by the size of the tidal range, where this is large several berms may develop.
(iii) Spit,
This is narrow ridge like accumulation of the sand or deposited materials that protrude into the sea and is attached to the mainland.
(iv) Tombolo,
This is the spit that connects mainland to the island.
(v) Cuspate foreland,
This is formed when two spits converge and join at the tips and it is triangular in shape.
(vi) Lagoon,
This is accumulation of water formed by sea water accumulating behind cuspate fore-land.
(vii) Barrier Beach
Barrier Beach is a long sand ride, parallel to the coast and often separated from it by a lagoon. Barriers that are not actually joined to the coast are called barrier island. Barrier Beaches form from the movement in land of underwater offshore sands bar.
(viii) Bay Bar
Bay Bar is a bank of sand or of sand and gravel deposited by waves and currents across the mouth of a bay so that the bay is no longer connected or is connected only by a narrow outlet with the main body of water.
Diagram of the features formed by wave deposition.
4 (a) Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a set of data from its mean.
(b) (i) Range =Highest age - lowest age
Range = 15-5
Range = 10
The range of the age of the pupils is 10
- MEDIAN
1 Step: Arrange age of the pupils in ascending order or descending order.
5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14 , 15
2 Step: Find the middle number (If the age of the pupils is in the series of an odd number)
find the average of two middle number ( If the age of the pupils is in the series of an even number )
( 8+12)/2=20/2
= 10
Therefore, the median of the age of the pupils is 10
5(a). Research is the careful collection of data/information based on a problem, analyzing the data and making conclusion out of those collected. Or Research is a scientific and systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data basing on a certain phenomena.
(b) Four benefits of conducting research are
(i) Research develop or generate new knowledge e.g the information produced by research can be applied in many ways.
(ii) It helps to improve human activities for the betterment of people e.g A society can develop irrigation scheme when finds show that there is food shortage.
(iii) Research can be used to develop new theories and laws.
(iv) Research enable in finding solutions about the special programmes e.g HIV, hunger, etc.
6(a). The best steps required in order to conduct an accurate chain survey are
(i) Reconnaissance / preliminary inspection/primary surveying
It is the process of taking general view of the land to be surveyed in order to get real picture of the work to be done. It is done by visual observation of the area. During the reconnaissance the surveyor does walking around the area to be surveyed and taking general views and noting down the dominant features area, Boundaries of the area, Corners of the boundaries of the area and Other structures such as building, big trees, ponds, lakes, small hills
(ii) Actual survey /secondary survey
This steps involved observing, measuring and recording direction, angles distance and elevation by using surveying equipment or tools.
(iii) Presentation
This involves presentation of data or information collected or recorded, the information can be presented by writing or drawing form
(b) The following are the five good booking methods used in chain survey
(i) Each chain age should be recorded on a separate sheet.
(ii) All measurement should be recorded on a separate sheet.
(iii)Temporary books or loose sheets of paper must never be used for recording
(iv) Sketches should be neat and complete
(v) Figures should be neat, overwriting is not permitted and good quality pencil should be used.
7(b). The following are the major types of transport shown in the area.
(i) Roads due to the presence of road symbol on the map
(ii) Railway due to the presence of Railway station and railway crossing on the map
(iii) Water navigation due to the presence of lake Tanganyika
(iv) Foot path due to the presence of agriculture and trading centers.
(c) The following are the economic activities taking place in the area apart from fishing activities.
(i) Transportation and communication due to presence of road on the map, presence of lake Tanganyika, presence of Railway station on the map, telephone line, transport line.
(ii) Cultivation due to presence of scattered cultivation on the map .
(iii) lumbering due to presence of woodland on the map .
(iv) Selling goods and services due to presence of market,oil storage area like pier,pipeline and power station on the map
(v) Banking services due to presence of bank on the map.
(d) Map area is located in southern hemisphere
8.(a)The type of photograph is oblique photograph because photograph taken when a camera is slanting at an angle less than 90°
(b) The relief of the area is flat land scapebecause of the presence of large water body on the top left side of the photograph which could be an ocean or a lake.
(c) Three possible factors which have contributed to the growth of this town are
(i) Fishing
(ii)Trade
(iii)Transport.
(d)Apart from providing shade, The following are three advantages of the vegetation shown
on the photograph.
(i) vegetation act as a source of rainfall to the area.
(ii) vegetation prevent and reduce soil erosion
(iii) vegetation provide fresh air ( oxygen ) to living organism
9. Japan is home to a number of companies that produce cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, and engines. Japanese automotive manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka.
The following are the six factors which account for the development of car manufacturing industry in Japan.
(i)Availability of raw material.
(ii) Fuel and power availability. For example location of iron and steel industries in Japan.
Human resources. This helps to the labour supply both skilled and unskilled.
(iii) Availability of capital. This is needed for the investment in the machinery and importation of raw materials .
(iv) Availability of transport and communication systems.
(v) Government policies. This helps on balancing the economic development of a country and provision of jobs.
(vi) Government stability.
10. Transport can be defined as the movement of people, animals, goods or services from one place to another. It provides a link between different parts of the country, region or world.
The following are the six problems facing railway transportation in East Africa.
(i) inadequate of capital:
(ii) Lack of skilled labour
(iii) High fuel costs
(iv) Rough terrain:
(v) Differences in railway gauges
(vi) Corruption and embezzlement:
11. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa with a height of 5895 meters (19340 ft) and the highest free standing mountain in the world. Mount Kilimanjaro is located in northern Tanzania in East Africa, not far from the border to Kenya.
The following are the six importance of Mount Kilimanjaro to Tanzania.
(i) It is tourist attraction hence it is source of foreign earning from tourism
(ii) It modifies the climatic condition of Kilimanjaro region making it receive high rainfall through orographic rainfall formation
(iii) Rivers flowing from it are source of water to the people living around it.
(iv) It is symbol of Tanzania nation since it is known to be home to highest mountain in Africa
(v) The forest around it are source of timber and other forestry products
(vi) The Kilimanjaro national park around it is home to numerous species of animals and plants hence it help to preserve the biodiversity of the country
12. Pollution is addition of harmful and or unwanted materials on the environment. in other words Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
The following are the six effects of environmental pollution in African cities.
(i) The disruption of coral reef cycle due to water pollution along the coasts
(ii) Bad odour and ugly landscape caused by pollution due to improper waste disposal
(iii) human diseases, such as water borne diseases like typhoid, respiratory diseases and amoebiasis
(iv) Since the African continent is part of the world the air pollution in this part contribute to global warming
(v) Land infertility due to soil pollution
(vi) Loss of biodiversity .